Ancestry vs. race/ethnicity: biological vs. cultural perspectives; process of assimilation, plural societies and multiculturalism; the spectrum of ethnic conflict, from prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination to genocide, ethnocide, forced assimilation, and cultural colonialism; Cohen’s typology of societies; foraging, horticulture, and agriculture entail; pastoral nomadism and transhumance; modes of production; economic anthropology; market principle